Main Themes
1. The Crimean War (1854-1856) shattered the image of an invincible Russia and ended the "Concert
of Europe.
2. The emergence of a unified Germany and Italy revealed the weakness of both France and the
Hapsburg Empire.
3. While the continental nations became unified and struggled toward internal political restructuring,
Britain continued to symbolize the confident liberal state.
4. Between 1850 and 1875, the major contours of the political systems that would dominate Europe until
World War I had been drawn.
Essential Questions
1. What effects did the rise of nationalism have on 19th century Europe?
2. To what extent was realpolitik employed in the unification of Germany & Italy?
3. How did the unification of Italy & Germany affect the balance of power in Europe?
4. How do 19th century nationalism and 20th century ethnic nationalism differ?
5. To what extent does nationalism affect contemporary foreign policy?
6. What motives formed the basis of European expansion in the late 19th century?